HomeMy WebLinkAboutRenewable Energy Policy Project
, ,
RESEARCH REPORT
Renewable Energy Policy Project Winter 2001 · No. 12
, '.' . ',', , ',..' --.... .;.c.:.-., :'...:.:: '
BLENDING WIND AND SOLAR INTO THE 'B'OARP OE,-l)IREC~OR'S,:,::_',
. .~,,::, ":--<',' ,,'-'?<>:,- :',:~: " ", ' .' -: . ''-.~- ,')",',. . "
DIESEL GENERATOR MARKET .".' .'.,........C)>.L, '.> .....'
by Viri~r Singh' :::~~:~:~~st}t~t~i:~:. ~~L:::
I'.:,qlea~ A~r .Ta.~~ Forc~ ",' ,::~> " :;j:':: ,," . .,;.'-::".-,
,," 'I[:;'~~-~~~~i-ili "i)'~~~~': ':":;':'. ":::,::) .' '."r ...-,:;;::':. .:',<:
';', Qyerseas ~r~d~ 'and tnv~s.i:m~nt S~tYi.ce$;:':-:.:,' .
,....." ~~ffi~t~:;~.;~o~:~f.''';;'..;'.;...,... .. ;':I;~'.;::.,\ ;.,
,.. C.1j DO~9yan:A~soc~ates_'::.: . _ ;~.--"', ..-". ,,:-
:i;i~i~:j~~lrt:~eiMI;T: .
,>'-':::\.'i'."."
:"f"Th'~:'
':\:-.:Form
~.'~ Aa~
"'Glob
, time for regulators and industry to pursue strat"~ii:
, ,',',::D~:;::>-.-.:
.. :'::<'Atiili
egces to advance wInd and solar as clean ,tJ#(6
, ~ The;,J
economic alternatives to dirty diesel. ".,.~orm
. J..Ra
.- J(~~~
, ';.-s~dt,t
,~~ ;-,-!~-~,.;
..~ .Rk1'
.}~,~~.~,
"Mlch
: ;.;~:R.~~.~
;::C~l'~
. ~Wefn
* Research Director, Renewable Energy Policy Project. The author thanks Jeff Wilks for .' . ",._.._ '. ~ .. . ":C_:
research. assistance on wind..diesel hybrids and the following people for reviewing this . . .
paper and providing comments: Karl Rabago, Scott Sklar, Randy Swisher, Roel" ," ,''',
Hammerschlag, Nathanael Greene, Brad Reeve, Alan Miller, Adam Serchuk, Frank" . "', :' . ^"" . '
O'Donnell, and an anonymous reviewer. Research for this paper was supported by a " , :,... .. . ":'-c,:'::
grant from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. The final draft is the responsi.. -1612 K~ st~'c:' - - N~:,;SiJ 20i '.:
bility of the author and does not necessarily reflect the opinions of the funding :,-~ r:7'C ,J _ -:_.c:,:~~~'T" '"~~__,:_"/ ," . I~. .":
organization, REPP, the REPP Board of Directors, or the reviewers. ~~~~Il~?TO],Y,I?@:~.Q.O.~o .... "" -
~:- ::-:'2Q~:::4 Q~'.P2~ 9S.';{-:;::::::",('~-,::..:- :', ~.:,:,.::', !.',~ - :..~';~:,'
2b2:,293'~5851 FAX ^., , c'
. ~~S-:{':\-.:'-"'> ::rl'\~""X."':':::'-'-~_:< .:".,_ ;.:~.:, c',,;::, . '--.. :,:.. ,;' .., '-'~" ':'
l,~ttp':i., ~~:~re~l?:,~9tg,.:." . .
<,liitp::lfwWW~'~~e~t~qrg ,--:' '., " ,~ -::-.
~ :;:,:,\,',:',7 ...','"' :' , . ':";
. , , > . '.'-'. :':. :::';"'.';:f'::-'- . -'-:_- '. ,__
..
RESEARCH REPORT NO. 12 .
BLENDING WIND AND SOLAR INTO THE DIESEL GENERATOR
MARKET
by Virinder Singh
THE CASE FOR WIND AND SOLAR AS for multiple..pollutant approaches judged feasible if they demon..
POLLUTION CONTROL STRATEGIES strate cost..effectiveness on a single..pollutant basis (e.g., cost per
_rllll.i- ton of NO x controlled).
Traditional controls for diesel engines, such as fuel switching and
f1f_~l8.1HtflIBlIt~.I1flir@I.I.~~jl;.
_~'Ii~_.II.~t{r4lJ.!if~lfI{ifl~1~~l:~ add...on controls, can reduce some types of emissions yet worsen
~...tI[4JJ.I:..{{tl:.~lill;~l'lf!i.li; others a~d even cut generator efficiency. If regulators want to
_'Ii"~lIfml1imllr~i1jiIDllltlil:t~t!:; look beyond traditional controls to address the skyrocketingpopu..
_JI.I:II~ lation of generators, then zero..emission, no..fuel technologies such
as wind and solar offer a key control strategy for local air quality,
global warming, water quality, and occupational health.
_~1!IB1.Bar:gi~~ittlti[.11~liI~~~lilll.i~; One way to bring wind and solar to the fore in the regulation
.lflf~!.llf~It1.I~i~jf~;Iflft{~~[~111Ijfliiii:~~y
IRRm.~l.~ltlt1i~ii~l.a.,Jj~111II.II~li1i1f arena is for federal and state agencies to adopt air standards that
.11l_iil.~~iiilll1fJI~lilgiltli.l{<<i.l1lT~;;- treat multiple environmental problems as holistically as is
_l\Iill_- feasible. Another way is for environmental agencies, other
government partners, and the wind and solar industry to craft a
1~'1..iJj[~I~'jl~[qr~t~lilftiliJfl~!,ril~l~wl'lll~1:i variety of measures the address diverse market barriers. Progralns
.ll:lr.Jl1(tlil..III:ltri1{gliii~lliljfi to advance wind and solar would fit well with federal programs
such as Energy Star that bring energy efficiency technologies to
Compounding emissions trends is the tendency for generators to the marketplace due to their many economic and environmen...
run more often in the summer, when urban smog is most likely tal benefits. Crafting effective approaches to advance wind and
to form. Other environmental dangers from diesel include fine solar within the existing diesel generator market require an inti...
particulates, water pollution from diesel fuel spills, and occupa.. mate knowledge of the diesel and renewable energy industries.
tional hazards. This analysis examines how the diesel industry and the renew...
In spite of these estimates, diesel generators face weak environ.. able e.nergy industry function in two consumer markets, specifi..
mental regulations though recent news may indicate a change call y:
in approach. In California, uniform emissions standards for small, . The Alaskan remote village power market, where dieselgen...
"distributed generation" are to launch in 2003, with the poten..
rial for stringent limits on emissions. This decision goes' against er.ators serve as "baseload" generation within small village
past tradition. Diesel generators) particularly stationary genera.. power grids and where wind..diesel hybrid systems show strong
tors and those employed for back..up power needs, tend to fall promise.
beneath federal and state thresholds that trigger regulation. And, . The back...up power market, where diesel generators run in..
as policy stands, even if most stationary diesel generators ran all
year, they would not emit enough pollutants to trigger federal frequently and where solar photovoltaic (PV) systems offer
regulations. emission free, secure power for smaller customers in case of
blackouts or brownouts.
As regulators appear to be moving on diesel generators, now is For both of the above markets, the analysis examines the diesel
the time to determine the best pollution control approach. Tra..
ditionally, regulators have addressed different pollutants such as industry based on Michael Porter's five key sources of competi..
tion. The analysis demonstrates whether or not diesel industry
NOx and carbon monoxide separately, with clear opportunities firms can benefit from incorporating renewable energy technolo...
3
RESEARCH REPORT NO. 12 -
Yet p~ especially PV uninterruptiblesupply systems (UPS) with GEN~RAL RECOMMENDATION:
batteries, offers unique values that will attract customers looking THE OVERSEAS MARKET
for back..up power and more. While not .amenable to easy instal..
lation and rentals, PV with batteries are now a bundled product Finally, the diesel generator industry should incorporate renew..
that meets universally recognized safety and performance standards. able energy technologies into their product offerings for the ex..
Since PV UPS products can also connect into the grid, they can port market. Diesel generators serve basic, baseload power needs
benefit from new net metering policies in 30 states, which sub.. for industrial, commercial, high..income residential, and off..grid
stantially cut into their price. Finally, net metering, in which PV markets in developing nations. The inherent problem with die..
power is sold to the utility, means that PV's energy value to the sel generators in developing nations is their fuel needs. Fuel
user moves beyond its ability to provide power during occasional costs in many developing nations are heavily subsidized and vul..
outages-it can be an integral power source year..round that can nerable to price spikes. In villages, the basic question is whether
protect a customer from high price periods, including those in the the fuel will be shipped in regularly to meet power needs.
summer and in deregulated electricity markets.
Beyond operations, diesel generators will merely intensify local
The PV industry has matured substantially, with a number of large, air pollution and global warming, the latter issue being of special
experienced manufacturers (some of whom have sales, distribu.. interest to the U.S.. government. Consequently, both diesel gen..
tion, and servicing .operations), improved geographical reach. in eratar manufacturers and distributors as well as the U.S. govern..
its distribution and servicing networks, and integrated products ment should promote hybrid products. The U.S. government
that reduce consumer hassle. Nevertheless, these gains still fall should also promote hybrid products melding renewable energy
short of the diesel generator industry. In particular, PV. suffers and microturbines and fuel cells, which suffer from similar fuel
from inadequate consumer education, limited distribution and ser.. drawbacks as diesel generators, but have much lower emissions.
vicing networks that include seasoned technicians and stable firms,
inadequate financing packages, and lack of rental products.
RECOMMENDATIONS
. State environmental agencies should jump...start replacement
efforts with a multi..year incentive program.
. The PV industry should align itself more closely with the en..
ergy services industry, and vice versa.
. PV should be better integrated into the federal Energy Star
program.
. Government and industry shoul~ publicize existing finane..
ing options and integrate easy..to..understand information into
marketing efforts.
. The PV industry should develop a resale market.
. The PV industry should make portable systems a priority.
. State energy. funds should share costs with environmental
agencies and the PV industry to catalyze diesel generator re..
placements and PV product development.
5
.
RESEARCH REPORT NO. 12 .
growth rate of approximately 2.65%. At that annual growth
rate, 2010 emissions could be 44% higher than those in 1996.
In California, the regulatory loophole for diesel generators may
soon be closed. In September 2000, Governor Gray Davis ap'"
proved legislation that requires the state Air Resources Board
(CARB) to adopt a certification program and uniform emissions
standards for distributed generation by th.e beginning of 2003.
The legislation requires that certification reflect emissions stan...
dards comparable to elnissions from "best available control tech..
nology" for "permitted central station powerplants in Califor...
nia." Depending upon how CARB defines that last item, the
emissions limits for certification may severely restrict new diesel
generator installations if the best available control technology is
defined as combined,cycle natural gas plants, which feature lower
NOx emissions.13
Box 1. WHAT ARE DIESEL GENERATORS?
Diesel generators discussed in this paper are run by internal
combustion engines that operate by the injection of fine
diesel fuel droplets into a combustion chamber heated by
compression ("compression,ignited", or CI). The air heats
the fuel and causes it to evaporate and mix with the
available oxygen. The fuel ignites and spreads through the
chamber. Power output is managed by controlling the
amount of fuel injected into the combustion chamber. CI
engines are different from "spark...ignited" (SI) engines such
as gasoline engines, which initiate combustion with a spark
of electricity.
7
.
ICLEAN AIR TASK FORCEI
'-
18 Tremont St.
Suite 530
Boston MA 02108
www.catf.us
Diesel Engines:
Emissions and Human Exposure
- ~..... I.I~~ 1I'">Ii:~...-Ar ,", ~ . , ,,~ ~'~'.;:;'N".0,
- - - \'~',,,, 'J1'\'i..~.,
~.~ '- . ~ ~. ~ h.
Whether you live in the city or the rural countryside,. harmful diesel emissions are everywhere in
our environment_ Diesel,_,engines power transit buses, construction and.farm equip~ent,'trains, and
they carry our children to school. The following is a brief summary of the composition of diesel
emissions and exposure to diesel emissions in our communities. Companion Clean Air Task Force
diesel fact sheets.include: 1) Health and Environmental Impacts, 2) Emissions Sources and
Regulations, and 3) Emissions Controls and Retrofits. Also see Clean Air Task Force's 2005
Report Diesel and Health in America: The Lingering Threat at www.catf.us/eoto/dieselreport/.
Find out about health impacts of diesel s~ot in your community at
www.caff. us/ f!oto/ dieselhealth/.
. Commuters are exposed to some of the highest diesel emissions in their cars, due to
pollutants released from trucks and buses on the road with them.
. Minority populations and the poor are more likely to live in cities ~d near diesel sources
and therefore may be disproportionately impacted because their neig4borhoods are exposed
to some of the highest diesel exhaust levels.
Clean Air Task Force 1
,.
Diesel Emissions: A Complex Mixture of Toxic Chemicals, Some of the Most
Hazardous to Human Health
.
.
.
Clean Air Task Force 2
.;-t,.
Particles larger tha
10 microns:
Collect in throat, nose;
eliminated by sneezing, be inhaled deep:.into the lungs,'-'(J8rna'ghlg'-tells in-the ]ung'sainNC3ys{-::- ,-,,~
coughing, nose blowing. .. causing inflamrnationandswellingC>.fbloodvessels. .. .... . . ..
Particles also' reduce the respiratory system's . ability to fight infection
and remove other foreign particles. Those who already suffer from
respiratory problems, such as asthma, emphysema and chronic
bronchitis, are particularly at risk.
Particles less than 2.5 microns in diameter, like those found in
fuel combustion and vehicle emissions, are the most harmful
to people. Particles larger than 2.5 microns, but smaller than
10 microns, as in wind-blown dust and crushing operations,
are less harmful to people.
Ozone, a key component of smog, is known to exacerbate-
asthma and can induce lung inflammation and reduction of
breathing capacity.
rl Size of particulate
matter you may find
in your lungs, that
. . . can do the most
_':... damage to your
PM 2.5_ respiratory system.
Size of particul
.,,~. matter (PM) you, .10 20 30 40 50 60
",t:~l}~~{r-"*? may find on your car. ........M~asu.rements era . secti of
, .'-,.\~,'''- -- 'In'mlcronsSS- on
c"i ,,<. ;~; 55 thari"2~;"~icrons: ,......... .' a human hair
":, Penetrate~:aeeply into lungs, A single strand of hl!man hair is six times wider
collecting in tiny air sacs where, than PM10. Any particulates below PM10 can travel
oxygen enters the bloodstream farther into the lungs and cause health problems.
Page 1 ot 1
Surrounded ~ n b100d eelsl
matter sellas in fue alveoli and causes:.. _,.-: ~..~. .~;."l
~...- ('. ":.-. .:I.~p
an in~ammation,
_.;:, .."',1\: Ozone bums the ce~
-":...... .."; . . -. .".",::
: ..:?.i.:,..::j" ';: wals of the aIveo~, causing
U1:' ~,:"O . ".
a st4~ and ~i~~ of
~e avOOar tSJe,
'., I. ._,.....~~"1:; ~~f<~. /
''Of....:... . <~.';"-~~:.~r:. .. ..,l'
http://www .ucsusa.org/assetsl animationltoxicair _lung.. swf . 4/25/2006
Deadly Diesel Fumes
[ H & E Home] [ Air Pollution Health Effects] [ Pollutants in Your Body] [ Polluted Drinking Water]
[ Dust] [ Diesel Exhausts] [ Deadly Diesel Fumes] I Deadly Soot] [ Al1ti-Pollution Laws Outdated]
[ COPD ]
Deadly Diesel Fumes
Published Feb. 24, 2005
The deadly effects of breathing diesel fumes came into sharp focus this week when the Clean Air Task
Force (CATF) released a report[l] estimating that diesel fumes kill about 21,000 U.S. citizens each year.
And that is almost certainly not the worst of it. The Clean Air Task Force report cites numerous studies
revealing that diesel soot: .
,.
,.
,.
,.
The new report is based on the most recent available data from the federal EPA (Environmental
Protection Agency) combined with EP A risk models, with ~alculations carried out by Abt Associates, a
consulting firm that frequently performs contract studies for the EP A.[2]
The key findings of the report should come as no surprise. The dangers of breathing diesel fumes have
been known for at least two decades'.
http://wwW.healthandenergy.com/deadly_diesel_fumes.htm (1 of 8)5/4/2006 7: 18:06 AM
Page 5 of8
your state, MSA or county caused 'by diesel fine particles
(soot). The calculated risk is based on the modeled
average fine diesel soot concentrations in your county in
1999-which may be lower or higher than it has been in
years past or in th-e future. The cancer risk calculation
furthermore assumes' that you are a lifelong resident,
exposed to. the average levels of diesel PM for 70 years.
Your personal risk for diesel soot health impacts could be
higher or lower depending on unique circumstances such
as whether you have lived in that county, MSA or state an
your life or lived in an area with higher or lower exposures
previously. Also you may be exposed to higher diesel
exhaust levels commuting to work or at work. People who
work with or near diesel engines often face the greatest
risks..
~m~i~n!"~!~~~lI~y~J~-,!fiJir9fii~~:n~at:
r _ ,__ _ - __ - . - - .~.-':- ~- - - ---.0':-. - -~ -
How was Cancer Risk Calculated?
To calculate. excess l~ng cancer risk for every U.S. county,
we used the estimates of ambient air concentrations of
diesel PM for 1999 generated from the ASPEN model. -The
ambient concentrations of diesel. PM were then multiplied
by the cancer unit risk factor established by the California
Air Resources Board. The California Unit Risk Factor is
http://www.catf..us/projects/ diesel/die se Ihealthlfaq ..php?site=O&action=print 5/1/2006
.
CancerNcausing Pollutants in Diesel Exhaust
DieselE:missierns ePA Cancer Risk (per
0/0 of aU' 'i1obUe C,arclnogen- : miU:ionlm'jcro:gram:
Po Ilutant 1'996 Stat.us in '7:O~yr I if e)
For'maldeh}'de E2'1~. probable 1 in a million
Acetaldehyde 59o/~ . probable 1 -in a n1illion
Buta.diene 8~i~, probable 2 in a million
Acrol.ein roOf possib Ie n/a
,oCt
8 enzene ~l~ knO\vn 2-8 in a million
DIesel iParticulate 77~~ probc1.ble EPA: 12 to 1210 in a
~Aatt er miUion: CARB:OOO
in a mil Ii on
A summary of cancer-causmg pollutants from diesel engines. 5, 6, 7
Percentile
r\ll (1 st Polluted ;-.
80 -1 00
60-80
40-60
20--40
0-20
Le a st Po Ilut.ecl ' '>
Diesel particulate matter in the U.S. (ASPEN 1999)
Diesel Particulate Matter Exposures Are High in Our Communities
Diesels create hot spots in our urban communities in places such as downtown crossings, urban
, areas, bus stops, and bus depots. These areas experience chronic elevated leve~s of diesel PM that
contribute to violations of the PM2.5 standard.8 These hot spots are also characterized by sharp,
unhealthy short-term sp~es in diesel exhaust during commuting hours. Such contributions of
diesel exhaust to PM in some urban environments have been documented in studies summarized
below:
. DPM is concentrated along our roadways. Diesel emissions penetrate into cars even when
windows are closed. 9
C~ean Air Task Force 3
. In one roadway study at a Manhattan bus stop, DPM was estimated at 13-47 ug/m3
(micrograms per cubic meter of air). 10
. In California traffic, measured black carbon, inside the vehicle ranged from 3-40 ug/m3 in
Los Angeles over two hours. 11
. In another California study, Los Angeles-researchers measured the following
concentrations of black carbon: 5 ug/m3 for a vehicle following no other vehicles; 15 ug/m3
following a diesel truck with a high exhaust stack; 50 ug/m3 following a diesel truck with a
ground-level tailpipe; 130 ug/m3 behind an urban transit bus making numerous stops. 12
f?ti!!i(m~!~~~!!~m~I'M!iBilfi~h!f~i~<<g
. Operate or work around diesel engines - Occupational exposures to diesel are among the
highest and have been associated with increased incidence of lung and bladder cancer.
Furthermore, a study of diesel mechanics and train crewmen, and electricians working in a
closed space near diesel generators suggests that diesel exposure may have caused.both
airway obstruction and serious impairment te the central nervous system. The report
.
rail yard adjacent to where 14,000-26,,000 people live were estimated at 100 to 500 in a
million.I5 In another study, the cancer risk for persons exposed to emissions from a ferry in
port and that live about 200 meters away, ranged from 50 to 280 potential cancer cases in a
million. 16
. Numerous recent medical studies have also linked roadway proximity and traffic pollution
to disease, asthma hospitalizations and shortened life expectancy.I7 For example, a 2004
study in Ontario Canada found increaSed risk of mortality from heart and lung disease in
people living within 100 meters of a roadway. New York city studies demonstrate that
diesel trucks create air toxies hot spots at crossings, urban areas, bus stops, and bus
depots. 18 ~ ,
. Regularly ride on school or transit -buses;
. Commute daily in heavy traffic or commonly drive in industrial areas; Exposures in
vehicles can have serious effects: a 2004 study suggests that young male state troopers
experienced cardiac inflammation and rhythm changes. 19
. Ride on commuter trains to get to work.
Clean Air Task Force 4
Annual Children's Health Impacts ~(1999)
Rank (based Lower Upper
on Asthma Asthma Acute Respiratory Respiratory
MSA ER Visits) ER Visits Bronchitis Symptoms Symptoms
New York-Newark-Edison, NY-NJ-PA MSA 1 1,742 3,838 45,076 36,978
Chicago-NaperviUe-Joliet, IL -IN-WI MSA 2 1,065 1,306 15,058 12,047
Houston-Baytown-Sugar Land, TX MSA' 3 644 917 10,626 8,555
Los Angeles-Long Beach-Santa Ana, CA MSA 4 459 .2,168 25,012 20,014
Philadelphia-Camden-Wilmington, P A-NJ-DE-MD MSA 5 426 978 11,336 9,140
Detroit-Warren-Livonia, MI MSA 6 368 471 5,414 4,312
Dallas-Fort Worth-Artington, TX MSA 7 351 512 5,875 4,673
Washin~ton-Arlington-Alexandria, DC-V A-MD-VVV MSA 8 305 452 5,187 4,128
Atlanta-Sandy Springs-Marietta) GA MSA 9 302 445 5, 113 4,075
Baltimore-Towson, MD MSA -10 259 384 4,444 3,571
Miami-Fort Lauderdale-Miami Beach, FL MSA 11 247 375 4,312 3,432
Boston-Cambridge-Quincy, MA-NH MSA 12 238. 530 6,194 5,043
~. Louis, MQ-IL MSA 13 236 298 3,435 2,751
l1JinneapoJis-Sl-o'.'Paul..Bloomi-ndton:;- MN-Wl- MSA- :14- ':22'- '279 3,201 '2550
Cincinnati-Middletown, OH-KY-IN MSA 15 21-3 272 3,145 2,523
Cleveland...Elyria-Mentor, OH MSA 16 184 235 2,702 2,157
New Orleans"'Metairie-Kenner, LA MSA 17 160 210 2,495 2,085
Tampa-St. Petersburg-Clearwater, FL MSA 18 135 203 2,335 1 ,863
Baton Rouge, LA MSA 19 135 181 21120 1 ,731
Columbus, OH MSA 20 122 150 1,721 1,370
Milwaukee-Waukesha-West Allis, WI -MSA 21 121 153 1) 763 1,406
Jndianapolis, IN MSA 22 112 140 1,611 1 ,281
Kansas city, MQ-KS MSA 23 107 135 1 ,552 1,234
Pittsburgh, PA MSA 24 95 235 2,705 2,165
Memphis, TN-MS-AR MSA 25 93 139 1,597 1,273
San Francisco-oaktand-Fremont, CA MSA 26 88 417 4,811 3,848
San Antonio) TX MSA 27 80 118 1,357 -1,077
Orlando, FL MSA 28 79 120 1,374 1 ,093
Louisville, -KY-IN MSA 29 78 112 1,291 1,029
Phoenix-Mesa-Scottsdale, AZ MSA 30 75 352 4,051 3,225
Charlotte-Gastonia-Concord, NC-SC MSA 31 75 111 1,271 1,010
Virainia Beach-Norfolk...Newport News, VA-NC MSA 32 71 104 1 ,197 .952
Dayton, OH MSA 33 68 85 974 777
Nashville-Davidson-Murfreesboro, TN MSA 34 65 94 1,084 862
Seattle- Tacoma-Bellevue, WA MSA 35 63 305 3,508 2,801
San DieJ:lo...Carlsbad-San Marcos, CA MSA 36 62 299 3,429 2,729
Beaumont-Port Arthur, TX MSA 37 61 86 1 ,002 817
Toledo, OH MSA 38 60 75 864 691
Riverside-San Bernardino-Ontario, CA MSA 39 59 295 3,385 2,686
Austin-Round Rock, TX MSA 40 57 81 922 731
Jacksonville, FL MSA 41 51 78 890 70B
Portland-Vancouver-Beaverton, OR-WA MSA 42 48 229 2,638 2, 113
Grand Rapids-Wyoming, MI MSA 43 47 59 677 .538
Bridgeport-Stamford-Norwalk, CT MSA 44 -46 113 1,298 1,036
Birmingham-Hoover, AL MSA 45 46 69 794 632
Akron, OH MSA 46 44 55 633 503
Providence-New Bedford-Fall River, RI-MA MSA 47 42 103 1,181 938
Richmond, VAMSA 48 40 62 _ 706 560
Raleigh-Cary, NC MSA 49 39 58 666 529
Omaha-Council Bluffs,. NE-IA MSA 50 39 50 568 451
Hartford-West Hartford-East Hartford, CT MSA 51 35 87 1,001 797
Oklahoma City, OK MSA 52 34 50 576 456
Allentown-Bethlehem-Easton, PA-NJ MSA .53 34 83 962 770
Tulsa, OK MSA 54 33 50 573 455
Salt Lake City 1 UT MSA 55 33 153 1 ,762 1,413
Page 1
Diesel Soot Health Impacts - Diesel & Health in America - Clean Air Task Force (CATF) Page lof2
~~t~ .~~I~':,~.,R~_:';";'J::._-...r~._[:-~_~t~..-~._.:..~.~_,.~-~:,'~'-~~r"~"'~"~'_'~','k'~',~<.;~.-~'"",,~.:,:'.,:'.~'__K.,,'t-,,""t':'~'tr<._;.~-~._~.:..-~~,.~.~.:.-!.~-~.~."O_-"'-c'-:'~":','....-~.;~,:::-,/.~:.,._~.:-;-.~-.,:.',~:-~'-'._.,.:.,..:.E:'-~':-"'-t""::~'~c:~"_" I Sea rch .1 I
I!~~~~~It~
Home : About Us - Projects : Publications Resources Press Room Advocacy Contact Us
Projects>> Diesel ~
Diesel Soot Health Impacts
Oiesel& Health in America: ClEAN A!RTASKFORce,
Diesel Soot Health Impacts if:J,<,-,...\-t-. O'-'-'~<"'<_'
. '. '(.'d"~:;:V:^ ~-lF iJ:-;1.'i.',_ ' ,.1.~ft
Where Y o.u Live
Minneapolis-St. Paul-Bloomington, MN-
WI. MSA
l!D~~~(t__$_t9t~S .
Annual Diesel Soot Health Impacts Estimated for 1999:
Adults
133 Premature Deaths
205 'Non-Fatal Heart Attacks
3,638 Asthma Atta.cks
1 03 Chronic Bronchitis
21 ,951 Work Loss Days (WLD)
126,481 Minor Restricted Activity Days (MRAD)
,HQ.w_..th~..anfj!-'Y$i$-. ,wa$..p~rfQrm_ed
How the Risk from Diesel Soot in Minneapolis-5t. Paul- ,
Bloomington, MN-WI MSA Compares to O~her Metropolitan
Areas:
85%
v
';{<'lllilli trt~~~~:':\ ~,':.>}:;; I
00/0 10% 20% 30% 400At 50% 60% 700/0 800k 90% 100%
healthiest MSAs (PERCENTILE] unhealthiest MSAs
,WfJClt EJ'[fZ... PC[Gf;Z!JJif~_$?
Lifetime Cancers per Million in Minneapolis-St~ Paul-
Bloomington, MN-WI MSA:
.344
http://www.catf.uslprojectsldiesell dieselhealthlmsa.php?site::;::0&m=33460 5/1/2006
Page 10f2
Diesel & Health in America: -ClEAN AJR tASK FOReI:':,
Diesel Soot Health Impa~ts ' ~\:;;~v~~~j~~~ ~0:~?~~:?r~J:~t~
Where You Live
Scott County
M_~nJ].~_~,Qt~
The lifetime cancer risk from diesel soot in your
community exceeds the risk of all other air toxies tracked
by EPA combined.
.' The average lifetime diesel soot cancer 'risk for a
resident of Scott County is 1 in 4,371.
. This risk is 229-times greater than EPA's acceptable
cancer level of 1 in a million.
E i nd. f) ut.hQW__ tb i$.__ri $_k__ _~a $,.9~IGu Ja tet;l;_ .l}!J,q~rs,tfJ nd, D_Q.1tYYQLJ rri~l<
might__pe__f1igb~(, ~./J_,_f!xpl~D_aJiqn~9(.t:iD_:~~llIi!IiQ-'I.._aC;G.~pt~tP/f)__"ri~k
How the Risk from Diesel Soot in Scott County Compares to
Other Counties Nationally:
National Rank: 579 of 3, 1 09 counties
81 0/0
v
1..,.....>'lIllc ~ "" JJ~~;~j:t~:, :,,>' -,.,~,:~., I
00/0 100/0 20% 300k 40% 50% Book 700AJ 80o~ 90% 1OQok
healthiest Counties [PERCENTILE] unhealthiest Counties
Wh_~ t fJ.rfl....Pf?rCJJlltil.€?$.?
How the Risk from Diesel Soot in Scott County. Compares to
Other Minnesota Counties:
Rank Within State: 7 of 87 counties
http://www .catf.us/projects/ diesel! dieselhealth/ county. php ?c=2 713 9&site=O&action=print 5/1/2006
Inversions and Smog
http://daphne.palomar.edulcalenvironmentlsmog.htm (1 of 7)5/3/2006 3:30:48 PM
Inversions and Smog
http://daphne.palomar.edu/caIenvironmentlsmog.htm (2 of7)5/3/2006 3:30:48 PM
Inversions and Smog
">>..,g", .... . ,I I1.W ~,;" .,
- .' ~
. ..
- .
>~: '
,"- -
http://daphne.palomar.edulcalenvironment/smog.htm (3 of 7)5/3/2006 3:30:48 PM
Inversions and Smog
~ I - , -, - ,
- - .- . -. ".-. .' ". '-,~: ._ '; _,-~, ~.-,. ~, "0 ~ /-,.-- . .. '~.-.' _.
- '
- -' - ,
- ' '
Moran, Joseph M., and M.D. Morgan. 1994. Meteorology. Macmillafl College Publishing Co. .'
http://daphne.palomar.edu/calenvironmentlsmog.htm (4 of 7)5/3/2006 3 :30:48 PM
Inversions and Smog
0+ 0 --->03
2
http://daphne.palomar.edulcalenvironment/smog.htm (5 of 7)5/3/2006 3;30;48 PM
Inversions and Smog
http://daphne.palomar.edu/calenvironment/smog.htm (6 of 7)5/3/2006 3:30:48 PM
Inversions and Smog
03/20/03
3068;4
L }-.. - "
.;L
^ .
- r /, .
. ;, ~.
. :'.0:;. .. . ~ .
" .
. .
. - ,
- - ,
http://daphne.palomar.edu/calenvironmentlsmog.htm (7 of 7)5/3/2006 3:30:48 PM